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Published: Monday, 29 May 2023 11:27

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Disease and Medicines:

Biology is not only about how human body works, but also about what makes it not work, and how to fix it.

Bioavailability of Medicine:

It's the fraction (%) of an administered drug that reaches the blood for systemic circulation. By definition, when a medication is administered intravenously (via veins), its bioavailability is 100%. However, when a medication is administered via routes other than intravenous, its bioavailability is generally lower than that of intravenous due to intestinal endothelium absorption and first pass metabolism. Since the concentration of drug in blood varies with time, the whole area under curve is taken for calculation purpose. Bioavailability refers to avg value as the absorption rate varies greatly among individuals. Bioavailabilty is a very important term for drugs, as your eventual "mg" dosage per day will depend on it's bioavailability.

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioavailability

Diuresis:

It's the excretion of urine, especially when excessive. In healthy people, excess water drunk is passed in form of extra urine to maintain fluid balance. People with heart failure (HF) and kidney disease have difficulty getting the excess water out of their body, which results in fluid accumulation in body, a condition known as edema.

Diuretics are medicines that help get this extra fluid out of the body, by increasing urine production. As such they benefit people with edema, and are also known as water pills. Diuretics are also used to lower blood pressure (BP) for people with high BP (Hypertension). In such cases, deuretics do lower water in the blood, but the reduction in BP occurs due to other mechanisms. Any removal or absorption of fluid in blood disturbs the balance of electrolytes, such as sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, etc in blood. So, people taking deuretics should watch out for these too.

There are mainly three types of diuretic medications.

• Thiazide: Thiazides are the most commonly prescribed diuretics. They’re most often used to treat high blood pressure. These drugs not only decrease fluids, they also cause your blood vessels to relax. Thiazides are mostly taken with other medications used to lower blood pressure. Examples of thiazides include:
  • chlorthalidone
  • hydrochlorothiazide (Microzide)
  • metolazone
• Loop diuretics: Loop deuretics are often used to treat heart failure. While Thiazide diuretics are more effective in patients with normal kidney function, loop diuretics are more effective in patients with impaired kidney function. Loop diuretics are also used to treat high BP, though primary use is to for HF patients. Loop diuretics usually have a "ceiling" effect where there is a maximum level of dosage where further increase in dosage will not increase the clinical effect of the drug. Examples of these drugs include:
  
  • furosemide (Lasix) =>
  • torsemide (Demadex) =>
  • bumetanide => A dose of 40 mg of furosemide is equivalent to 20 mg of torsemide and 1 mg bumetanide.
• Potassium-sparing diuretics: Above 2 diuretics disturb electrolyte balance and may cause lower potassium in blood (especially for people with low potassium in blood), which is an important nutrient. Potassium sparring diuretics are an answer to that. They reduce fluid levels in your body without causing you to lose potassium.  

Diabetes:

If you have diabetes (which is high levels of sugar or glucose in your blood), you will require to measure your sugar levels multiple times a day, and adjust your dosage of insulin based on that. There are glucose meters that measure the glucose level. These meters themselves are usually free or cheap, but the strips that come wit these are pretty expensive ($1 per strip). Many meters come with 10 free strips and 10 free needles.

Prodigy sells strips for 10 cents per strip for their glucose meter. This is the cheapest option:

Prodigy strips on ebay (13 cents/strip as of Jan, 2025) => https://www.ebay.com/itm/335545752368

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Published: Thursday, 25 May 2023 23:29

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Water and Food:

Water and Food are consumed by us, and are needed to keep the body alive. Water provides hydration to cells, while food provides important nutrients needed by the body's cells, which eventually provide energy to body.

Water and food (all food have some water content) are taken in by mouth. We smash and grind it up in the mouth. From the mouth, there's a pipe called esophagus which takes it to the stomach. The stomach mixes it all up with chemicals that start to dissolve it. Bile is added a little later to dissolve fats. The bile also gives the food mass its color brown.

Small/Large Intestine:

This mass of mixed solids and liquids moves through the intestines. Everything that can be broken down is broken down into individual molecules. The whole mass is now considered a liquid with larger solids suspended in it. Even though we drink 2-3 litres of water a day, saliva, gastric juice, bile, etc secreted to the this whole mass makes up like 9 litres of liquid. The individual molecules (good and bad) then are absorbed from the intestines into your bloodstream by actually “soaking” through the intestine wall and through the blood vessel walls waiting on the other side. Some of these molecules are chemically pushed or pulled across into the blood vessels. What is left in the intestines gets drier and drier as more and more water is pulled out and absorbed into the bloodstream.

Food needs to be broken up into smaller molecules. Water, on the other hand, is a very simple molecule, so our body doesn’t have to break it down into smaller, simpler molecules. As a matter of fact, water molecules are so small that they have no problem diffusing through the phospholipid bilayer that forms the cell membrane of human tissues. This cell membrane (presumably) consists of small channels or pores through which water or water-soluble substances can enter, meaning that water is directly absorbed through the epithelial cells that cover humans’ intestinal tract. Small intestine tract has villi which are finger like projections, which are made of epithelial cells. These epithelial cells have brush like border called microvilli, which further increase the surface area for absorption. In short, this means that the small intestine is responsible for the absorption of most of the water that we consume. 90% of the fluid is absorbed in small intestine, and only 10% in large intestine. Blood capillaries are inside the villi, so anything absorbed via these epithelial cells  is passed on to the blood, which carries to all the places in human body.

The kidneys are constantly monitoring the amount of water and other by products and waste products in the bloodstream, such as uric acid, and pull or push them into the urinary tract, to keep the concentration in the blood just right. This all collects in the bladder. It is a mixture of mostly excess, unneeded water and other chemicals such as ammonia. When the bladder is full, we urinate (called urine because of the uric acid).

Meanwhile, the soon-to-be stool keeps moving along and at different parts of the intestine, different molecules are absorbed. It is held in the end of the large intestine. When it is full, we defecate.

Water's Journey thru body:

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Published: Thursday, 25 May 2023 18:27

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Attributes:

Attributes are NOT part of SDC.

Every object in design has multiple attributes assigned such as name, power, size, etc. Each object has attr type and it's value. What attributes a particular object will have depends on it's class (class may be design, port, cell, pin, net , lib, lib_cell, lib_pin, and clock), i.e a "cell" class may have it's attribute types as name, size, pins, etc, while a net may have it's attribute types as name, driver, receiver, etc. Many attributes are provided by default on different cell types (called as application attr). We can also define our own attributes on any object (known as user-defined attr). user defined attr are usually not needed for simple tasks (as appl attr are enough for most purposes). These attributes are helpful to sort objects based on similar or differing attributes.

Attributes are not standardized, and Synopsys/Cadence have different attributes for their objects. Attributes vary across tools too (i.e Synthesis and Timing tools may not have same attribute on an object even though both tools are from same company). So, none of the cmds involving setting or getting attributes are SDC cmds. You have to look thru Cadence/Synopsys tool manuals. Since there are so many attr, both Synopsys/Cadence have dedicated manual for all attributes for each tool.You should download and keep this manual handy at all times, as you need to work with attr all the times. Searching for them on Cadence/Synopsys website is very time consuming.

• PT has a dedicated manual "PT variables and attributes" which list all such attr for all objects. Look in cell_attributes, pin_attributes, port_attributes, net_attributes, clock_attributes, etc in the manual for most important attr. "man" cmd with "_attributes" appended to the object class name shows details of that attr (ex: man design_attributes => shows info about design attr).
• Genus has a dedicated manual "Genus Attribute reference for Legacy" as well as "Genus Attribute reference for CUI" manuals.
  • Genus Legacy:
    • help cmds for attr:
      
      • get_attribute -h => list all valid object types as net, pin, cell, pin, port, design, lib*, memory*, etc
      • get_attribute -h <attribute_name> <object_type>' will give you more information. Both 'attribute_name' and 'object_type' support the wildcard ('*') character for non-hidden attributes 
        • ex: get_attribute -h * net => reports all attr names for object type "net", such as basename, driver, load
    • get_attribute: To retrieve the value of an attribute on an object, use the get_attribute cmd above with no "-h" option
      
      • get_attribute attr_name object => ex:
    • set_attribute: To change the setting of an attribute on an object, use the following command:
      • set_attribute attr_name attr_value objects => ex:
    • Attr common to all objects:
      • obj_type <name_of_obj> => This returns the obj type of any object
      • name <name_of_obj> => returns obj name which is useful in get_db/set_db cmds
    • Attr for specific objects:
      • Pin: get_attribute capacitance [find /des*/design -port *] => find port cap for all the ports in design

Some common application attributes are:

• full_name => Returns the complete name (string type) of the cell. For example, the full name cell U3 within cell U2 within cell U1 is U1/U2/U3.
• base_name => Returns the leaf name (string type) of the cell. For example, the base_name of cell U1/U2/U3 is U3
• ref_name => Returns the name of the design or library cell of which the cell is (or will be) an instantiation; also known as the reference name. for ex I_my_inv is an instance of an inverter from lib which is tsmc_INV_NOM_D2.
• object_class =>Returns the class of the object, which may be "cell", "net", etc. You cannot set this attribute.
• is_hierarchical => Returns true for hierarchical cells and false for leaf cells. This is helpful in finding leaf cells.
• power attr as dynamic_power, leakage_power, glitch_power, internal_power, total_power, switching_power, etc

Some important attr for different classes are:

• cell_attributes => apart from common appl attr, cell_attr as cell_type (is_memory_cell, is_pad_cell, is_sequential_cell (2 flavors: is_rise_edge_triggered, is_fall_edge_triggered), are also present. We also have lib_cell_attributes for lib_cells. Attr may differ b/w cells and lib_cells even though both refer to the same underlying cell. These may even differ from what's there in .lib file for that cell.
  
  • size_only => can be set to true or false. Returns true if the cell is protected from removal by the set_size_only command. When this attribute is set to true, the ECO fixing commands (fix_eco_drc, fix_eco_power, and fix_eco_timing) can resize the cell but not remove it. The cell can still be removed by the remove_cell command.
• clock_attributes
• design_attributes
• lib_attributes =>
• net_attributes =>
• pin_attributes => also has lib_pin_attributes for lib pins of lib cells. Attr may differ b/w pins and lib_pins even though both refer to the same underlying pin. These may even differ from what's there in .lib file for that pin. An ex is capa
• port_attributes
• timng_path_attributes =>
• timng_arc_attributes => also has lib_tiimng_arc_attributes
• upf_attributes

Some attr are only specified for leaf cells (i.e flop, AND gate, etc instantiated in design), so we can't apply or retrieve pin attr on IO pins of a module. In such case, we'll get an error "no such attr found".

Attribute cmds from Synopsys PrimeTime: Below are some Important attribute cmds from Synopsys PT (other tools from Synopsys may not support these cmds):

1. list_attributes => shows alphabetically sorted list of all attr for all object class. It doesn't show the values for these attr for any instance, but attr name and their type (i.e attr max_capacitance, thier type as "float" and the properties as Application defined, user defined, etc). By default, it shows only user defined attr, but using -application shows application attr too. Since there are too many appl attr for all object classes combined (about 3K or so), we should limit to specific object class using -class option.

• Cell Attributes: list_attributes -application -class cell -nosplit => shows all cell attr (both appl and user defined). -nosplit prevents line splitting, so that it's more readable when dumped into some other file. "cell" class has attr as full_name, area, ref_name, lib_cell, etc.
• Lib Cell Attributes: list_attributes -application -class lib_cell -nosplit => Same as above, except that it shows attr for lib cells. These are the attr found in .lib for that cell. The names reported here may be different than what's reported in .lib file, i.e it may have attr is_physical in .lib, but PT may report attr as is_physsical_only in lib_cell attr (as PT uses it's std attr for lib_cell so that it's consistent)
• Pin Attributes: list_attributes -application -class pin -nosplit => shows all pin attr as cell, case_value, user_case_value, constant_value, full_name, clocks, is_clock_pin, is_clock_network, etc. Some pin attr as case_value, clocks, etc are valid for pins of leaf cells only.
  • capacitance on pin: returns max/min cap of pin for rise/fall. Attr are:
    • pin_capacitance_max/min_rise/fall, pin_capacitance_max/min (it's max/min of rise and fall). This cap is only for the cap on the lib pin, and not for anything connected to lib pin (i.e it doesn't add up the cap on the net for o/p pin). For o/p pins, this is usually 0, as output pins have almost 0 cap (as it's gate/src and gate/drn miller cap), while for i/p pin, it's the gate cap which is substantial. If we want to get all of the cap on that pin (including net cap + load cap), use attr: effective_capacitance_max/min. This refers to effective cap max_capacitance and min_capacitance that is seen on the pin. However, this effective_cap* values may not be present for all pins, in that case, use the cap attr on net (explained below) to find total load cap. Max and min cap values will be very close here, as cap doesn't vary much with max/min conditions. NOTE: always use "pin_capacitance_max/min" for getting cap values on pins of gates. These are guaranteed to be defined for all pins of all gates.
    • min/max_capacitance attr refers to min/max cap allowed on that pin as per .lib file (mentioned as max/min_capacitance for that pin in .lib, NOT the cap values in index for cell delay). This is the drc value for max/min cap on that pin. One other set of attr also defined for drc: drc_constraining_max_capacitance = max cap allowed as per drc rules (specified in .lib), drc_actual_max_capacitance = actual max cap present on this pin that is going to be used for drc purpose, drc_max_capacitance_slack = drc slack for max cap which is (drc_constraining_max_capacitance  - drc_actual_max_capacitance). These attr values may also not be defined for all pins.
  • delay: There are bunch of max/min_rise/fall_arrival/slack and max/min_arrival/slack that may be used to get timing path values.
  • transition on pin: returns max/min transition times on pin for rise/fall. Attr are: actual_rise/fall_transition_max/min, actual_transition_max/min (it's max/min of rise and fall). For i/p pins, there's also an attr "max_transition" that specifies the max_transition that's allowed on that pin as per .lib file (mentioned as max_transition for that pin in .lib). This is the drc value that's used for max transition on the pin. Similar to the cap values, one other set of attr also defined for drc: drc_constraining_max_transition = max tran allowed as per drc rules (specified in .lib), drc_actual_max_transition = actual max tran present on this pin that is going to be used for drc purpose, drc_max_transition_slack = drc slack for max tran which is (drc_constraining_max_transition  - drc_actual_max_transition)
  • net: This attr returns a collection that contains the net connected to this pin; this attribute is defined only if the pin is connected to a net.
  • cell: This attr returns a collection that contains the cell that this pin belongs to.
  • pin_direction: This attr specifies whether pin is "output" or "input" pin.
  • case_value: This attr is one of the most attr during debug of paths. It returns the user-specified logic value of the pin or port propagated from a case analysis or logic constant. This attribute is computed only for leaf pins.
  • constant_value: This attr returns the logic value of a pin tied to logic constant zero or one in the netlist.
  • full_name, disable_timing, fanout_load, is_clock_pin, is_Data_pin, is_clear_pin, is_async_pin, is_port, object_class,
• Lib Pin Attributes: list_attributes -application -class lib_pin -nosplit => Same as above, except that it shows attr for lib pins. Again lib_pin attr in .lib may be diff than what's reported by PT, i.e attr "direction" in .lib is replaced by "pin_direction" attr in PT.
• Net Attributes: list_attributes -application -class net -nosplit => shows all net attr as dont_touch, base_name, full_name, is_ideal, is_clock_network, leaf_drivers, leaf_loads, etc
  • capacitance/resistance on net: returns cap/res of net. Cap can be reported separately for wire and gate, while res is for whole wire. Attr are:
    • wire_capacitance_max/min, net_resistance_max/min: This attr reports wire cap (w/o any pin cap) and wire res.
      
      • ex: To get cap of net on o/p pin of gate: all_connected top/I_INV/Z => gives net name as top/n_12. Now run: get_att [get_net top/n_12] wire_capacitance_max => returns 0.004 (4 ff)
    • pin_capacitance_max/min, total_capacitance_max/min: pin_cap attr is the same as the one used for pins above. However, here it's reported for net, so it reports total of all pin caps connected to that net. If we report total_cap attr, then it shows total cap on that net which is the sum of wire_cap & pin_cap
      • ex: To get all pins connected to that net: get_pins -leaf -quiet -of top/n_12 => {top/I_INV/Z top/ND2/A1 top/NR3/A2} => This shows one o/p pin and 2 i/p pins connected ro this net. If we report attr pin_cap* for all 3 gate pins, and report pin_cao for the net, then the sum of all 3 pin caps should be the same as wire_cap.
      • Total_cap = pin_cap (on wire) + wire_cap (of wire). i.e  get_att [get_net top/n_12] total_capacitance_max = 0.013 (sum of wire_cap (0.0040) + 3 gate cap (0.001+0.003+0.005))
• Clock Attributes: list_attributes -application -class clock -nosplit => shows all clock attr as period, waveform, master clock, master pin, setup_uncertainty, hold_uncertainty, etc.

Other than list_attributes cmd, report_attribute and get_attribute are 2 other most common cmds:

2. report_attribute => reports all attr on list of objects, which can either be a collection or a pattern (pattern needs to define object class with -class option). Here we report actual values for any attr of an object. By default only user defined attr are displayed. To see application attr, add option -application.

NOTE: report_attribute in Design Compiler (DC) has very different syntax than one in PT. See DC section for that.

ex: report_attribute -application [get_pins chip/.../D] => This reports all user attr + appl attr on pin D of given flop

Design          Object             Type            Attribute Name          Value
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
chip            chip/../D          float    actual_fall_transition_max  0.028304 => and 100's of other attr such as temperature_max, is_ideal, is_clock_pin, etc.

ex: report_attribute -application -attribute case_value [get_pins -hier */SE] => reports only this attr "case_value" on SE pins of all objects in design. Since SE (shift En) pin only exists on scannable flops, it's reporting case value on SE pin of all scannable flops (mostly to debug when in scanshift mode). case_value reports attribute on pin as 0 or 1, not just due to set_case_analysis, but also due to tieoff, propagated constants, or other reasons. This attribute is computed only for leaf pins.

ex: report_attribute -application -attribute lib_pin [get_pins mod1/dfg/D] => returns "tsmc_NOM_125/SDF_FLOP/D". This returns name of std cell and name of liberty library where it's present. This can be applied to cells also to get attr "lib_cell".

3. get_attribute => gets value of a given attr type for speciifed object or collection of object.  get_att is used compared to report_att when we want to use it within a script to extract values. syntax is: get_attribute <options> object attr_name

return value is a list (if multiple objects specified) or a string (if single object specified). To force return value to be a list, use option: -value_list

ex: get_attribute [get_cells -hier *] ref_name => shows reference cells for all "cell" objects in design. This will show not only std cells, but also module defn names as those modules have "module defn" as their reference name

Tracing constant values on clock network or other nets: Below 2 cmds useful in figuring out why some nets/pins are showing off constant value. This info can be seen in "report_attr -application" cmd above, as all attr values for a given object are shown there too, but get_attribute can be used in scripts for processing. We can keep on getting i/p and o/p pins of drivers on the fanin and backtrace to see the original source of this constant value.

ex: get_attribute [get_pins abc/.../D1] case_value => Returns the user-specified logic value of the pin or port propagated from a set_case_analysis or logic constant in netlist itself. This attribute is computed only for leaf pins. If you try to use it on nets, you will get "no such attr defined".

ex: get_attribute [get_pins abc/.../D1] constant_value => shows case value on a pin due to constant in netlist. When used in conjunction with case_value, we can know whether constant value comes from tied off net in netlist or due to set_case_analysis.

This below cmd is also being used which shows "user_case_value" , though not sure how it's different from "case_value" attribute. FIXME ? I've very seldom seen this attribute defined for pins.

ex: get_attribute [get_pins abc/.../D1] user_case_value => Returns the user-specified logic value of a pin or port.

4. define_user_attribute => defines new user defined attr.

ex: define_user_attribute attr_ir1 -classes cell -type int => defines new attr "attr_ir1" on all cell type whose value is integer

5. set_user_attribute => once we define a user attr, we can set it's value.

ex: set_user_attribute [get_cells *] attr_ir1 30 => setts attr value to 30 for above defined attr

6. remove_user_attribute => we can remove user attr defined above on specific cells. We can't remove application attr which are inbuilt.

ex: remove_user_attribute [get_cells i1] attr_ir1 => This removes user defined attr only from cell i1.

Object acccess functions: SDC supports these object access cmds. These cmds are supported both in DC and PT with same syntax (although there are some variations). Look in both PT manual, and DC manual to make sure the syntax is the same. Most of these cmds, which have the same syntax as in PT are in STA PT cmd section: primetime-commands:

1. Design get_* cmds:  get_cells, get_nets, get_pins, get_ports, get_clocks. Look in STA PT cmd section.

2. LIB get_* cmds: get_libs, get_lib_cells, get_lib_pins. Look in STA PT cmd section.

3. Design report_* cmds:  Supported by synthesis tools, but not part of SDC. Lots of reporting cmds as report_*. Look in STA PT cmd section, as these report cmds are common across DC and PT. Few cmds which are important or different in DC are explained below.

I. report_attribute: This cmd in DC has very diff syntax than corresponding cmd in PT, although the o/p reported is in the same format as that of PT. Here, the cmd reports the attributes of specified objects. An object can be a cell, net, pin, port, instance, or design. report is always generated for whatever is set as current design.

syntax: report_attribute <options> <object_list> => If object list is specified, then all attr reported for that object. If object list is not specified, then all attr reported for all objects in current design, which match the options.

dc_shell> report_attribute => reports all attributes for all objects in curent design. i.e for all cells, pin, ports, nets and design. If we use option -net, -cell, -design, -port, -pin, -instance, -hierarchy, then it reports attr for only that object type. report_attribute is very large report, since it reports everything, but then it can be narrowed byy reporting attr for only cells for ex by running "report_attribute -cell" cmd.

dc_shell> report_attribute mod1/mod2/pin1 => This reports all attr for a given object. Most of the times, we want to know if a given object is pin, net, cell, etc. This cmd helps us find that out. In this cae, object is a pin, as reported below.

Design          Object             Type      Attribute Name            Value
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
digtop     mod1/mod2/pin1    pin       psnmp_oname     M:mod1 M:mod2 L:pin1

II. report_design: This cmd common across DC/PT, but used very commonly in DC to see all libs, op cond etc used for current design.

III. report_reference: This cmd in DC has very diff syntax than corresponding cmd in PT, although the o/p reported is in the same format as that of PT. It supports option "hier" to include hier.

IV. report_area: This cmd only supported in DC. It lists area for cells. It supports option "hier" to include hier.

4. LIB report_* cmds: report_lib is the only cmd here. It displays information about the specified logic library, physical library, or symbol library. It has lots of options. Look in STA PT cmd section.

5. set_hierarchy_separator => starting from SDC 1.2, hierarchical names can be made non-ambiguous using the set_hierarchy_separator SDC command and/or the -hsc option available on the
get_cells, get_lib_cells, get_lib_pins, get_nets, and get_pins SDC object access commands.

sample sdc file generated by Syntheis/Timing Tools: DC/PT/Genus:

pt_shell> write_sdc design.sdc

design.sdc:

set sdc_version 2.1
set_units -time ns -capacitance pF -current mA -voltage V -resistance kOhm

set_operating_conditions -analysis_type on_chip_variation  -library [get_libs TSM_max.db:TSM_max}]

set_wire_load_model -min -library [get_libs {zero_wire_load}] -name zwlm

set_wire_load_model -max -library [get_libs {zero_wire_load}] -name zwlm
set_wire_load_mode top

#create all clks needed
create_clock -name debug_rosc_clk -period 1.207 -waveform { 0 0.6035 } [get_ports {PORT1}]\
set_propagated_clock [get_clocks {debug_rosc_clk}]

#clk uncertainty set
 set_clock_uncertainty -setup  0.10462 [get_clocks {debug_rosc_clk}]
 set_clock_uncertainty -hold  0.0155 [get_clocks {debug_rosc_clk}]

#clk gating checks specified for all clocks
set_clock_gating_check -rise -setup  0.1 [get_clocks {debug_rosc_clk}]
 set_clock_gating_check -fall -setup  0.1 [get_clocks {debug_rosc_clk}]
set_clock_gating_check -rise -hold  0.45 [get_clocks {debug_rosc_clk}]
set_clock_gating_check -fall -hold  0.45 [get_clocks {debug_rosc_clk}]

#generated clks => source pin and master clk specified

create_generated_clock .....

#set derate on all cells rise/fall, late/early. It's done for both clock and data for each cell in library.

set_timing_derate -increment -cell_delay -clock -rise -early -0.0026  [get_lib_cells  {TSM_MAX/AN2_HVT}]

set_timing_derate -increment -cell_delay -data  -rise -early -0.0214  [get_lib_cells  {TSM_MAX/AN2_HVT}]

#set clk groups

set_clock_groups -asynchronous -name clk_grp_clk1 -group [get_clocks {my_clk}] -group [get_clocks {debug_rosc_clk ...}] ...

group_path -name io_to_flop -from [get_ports {IN1 IN2 ...}]
group_path -name flop_to_io -to      [get_ports {OUT1 OUT2 ...}]

group_path -name io_to_io -from [get_ports {IN3 ..}] -to [get_ports {OUT3 ..}] 

set_sense -stop_propagation -clocks [get_clocks {nec_clk}] [get_pins {I_1/reg_56/Q4}]

set_min_delay  0 -to [get_pins {I_1/pin1_out}]
set_max_delay  10000 -to [get_pins {I_1/pin1_out}]

#set MCL, FP, set case analysis, set_disable_timing, etc

set_case_analysis 0 [get_pins {clkmux2_0/S}]

set_disable_timing  -from PI -to PO [get_cells {chip/u_CTRL0}]

#set IO delay

set_output_delay  -1.3 -clock [get_clocks {spi0_clk}] -clock_fall -min -add_delay -reference_pin [get_pins {TOP/I_SC/PAD}] [get_ports {SPI0_MOSI}]
set_input_delay  17.4 -clock [get_clocks {spi0_clk}] -max -reference_pin [get_pins {TOP/I_SC/PAD}] [get_ports {SEP_SPI0_MISO}]

set_data_check -fall_from [get_pins  {I_1/flop_0/D}] -fall_to [get_pins {I_2/flop_0/D}] -clock [get_clocks {my_clk}] -hold  5

set_load -pin_load  50 [get_ports {AOP_LSPMI_CS_TRIG_1}]

set_max_transition 0.46 [get_pins {design1/mod2/gate/A design1/mod2/gate/Y ... }

set_input_transition 0.2 [get_ports *]

Using SDC cmds in Cadence Synthesis tools:

Cadence Synthesis tool RC didn't support SDC cmds natively. However their older PnR tool called EDI did support the SDC cmds. Cadence newer Synthsis tool called Genus support almost all SDC cmds natively. Their PnR tool Innovus also supports most SDC cmds. The section below is written for Cadence Synthesis tool, RC, which isn't being used anymore since 2020. So, below section is obselete, but provided since I prepared the notes anyway.

All of these cmds are synopsys cmd, so they don't work directly in Cadence tools as RC (they do work in EDI). In RC, these cmds only work, if they are used in a file, and read via "read_sdc constraints.sdc" cmd. They also work if we precede them with dc::
ex in RC:
rc:/> dc::set_load -pin_load 4.1912 [dc::get_ports n_puc_sync]
rc:/> read_sdc -stop_on_errors constraint.sdc => reads sdc file and stops on errors
rc:/> echo $::dc::sdc_failed_commands > failed_sdc => reports all failed cmds when reading sdc

NOTE: Although set_operating_conditions, set_max_area, set_units, set_propagated_clock present in sdc gen by DC, are standard sdc cmds, but they are ignored by RC,VDI. cdns tools looks at timing library (in /db/.../synopsys/src/*.lib) for default units [time_unit : "1ns"; current_unit : "1mA"; voltage_unit : "1V"; capacitive_load_unit (1,pf); pulling_resistance_unit : "1kohm"; leakage_power_unit : "1pW";]. If the default unit is not specified, cdns sets default unit of time to ns and cap to pf. Upto this point it's same behaviour as snps tools. But then it muultiplies these values by appr factor to convert them to ps and ff, which are cdns tools units. ns and pf are snps tools units.

#get_attribute returns the value of an attribute on a list of design or library objects. It's supported in both cdns/snps tools, but they are native cmds for each vendor. DC get_attribute is not supported in RC (i.e dc::get_attribute in RC will give an error). RC get_attribute behaves differently than DC get_attribute.
DC: get_attribute <object_list> <attribute_name> => returns value in dc default units of ns,pf.
RC: get_attribute <attribute_name> <object_list> => order is reversed. returns value in rc default units of ps,ff.

ex: rc:/> get_attribute capacitance [find [find "MSL270_W_125_2.5_CORE.db" -libcell IV110] -libpin A] => get_attribute, which is an RC cmd, looks at pin cap which is "0.0049". since cap units are set to pf in the .lib file, it correctly infers the pin cap to be 0.0049pf. Now, it converts this to ff which is 4.9ff and returns the value as 4.9.

ex: rc:/> get_liberty_attribute capacitance [find [find "MSL270_W_125_2.5_CORE.db" -libcell IV110] -libpin A] => get_liberty_attribute, which is an RC cmd, but returns values in default units specified in .lib file. So, it returns the value as 0.0049 which is in pf, which is the default unit for cdns specified in .lib file.

ex: dc_shell> get_attribute [get_lib_pins {"MSL270_W_125_2.5_CORE.db/IV110/A"}] capacitance => returns cap value in default units as specified in .lib file, which is pf. So, it returns the value as 0.0049 which is in pf, same as get_liberty_attribute.

set_load in constraints.sdc file gets affected by this, as being an sdc cmd, it expects the i/p to be in snps default units of pf. So, when using set_load in cdns, it gets off by factor of 1000.
ex: rc:/> dc::set_load [get_attribute capacitance [find [find "MSL270_W_125_2.5_CORE.db" -libcell IV110] -libpin A]] [dc::all_outputs] => get_attribute being an rc cmd returns value in ff which is 4.9. set_load treats this as 4.9pf (pf is default for dc), and sets a load of 4.9pf on all outputs, which is incorrect (correct value should be 0.0049pf)

To fix this, do this in RC:
rc:/> set load_scaled [expr [get_attribute capacitance [find [find "MSL270_W_125_2.5_CORE.db" -libcell IV110] -libpin A]]/1000] => load_scaled gets a value of 4.9/1000 = 0.0049 which is in pf.
rc:/> dc::set_load load_scaled [dc::all_outputs] => correctly sets o/p cap to 0.0049pf.

#possible issue in some library: not sure if this is an issue, FIX it later.
In a hypothetical library, default Cap unit=0.00693pf in .lib file. "set_units" cmd of sdc generated by DC, multiplies it by appr units in set_units to get load in pf unit. However, when we run any CDNS tool using the same sdc file, it ignores set_units cmd, so it treats the SL load in set_load in units of pf. It seems that the default units specified in .lib files, are not used as default units for anything outside those .lib files, that's why the units in "set_load" aren't adjusted by appr factor. This is only a problem for lbc8, as default Cap unit=0.00693pf. This causes diff when we gen sdf file using PT or ETS as PT sees diff load on o/p pins than ETS, so o/p buf delays are diff. "create_delay_corner" in create_views.tcl file in vdio is the equiv of set_operating_conditions in synopsys sdc file.

#set_units: to set units for env. When generating this in sdc, DC sets these units of time to ns, cap to pf, res to kohm, voltage to V, current to mA, based on units in .lib file. When generating this in sdc, RC sets units of cap in ff and time in ps. set_units is used by snps tools, but not by cdns tools.
DC: set_units -time ns -resistance 1.641228e+02kOhm -capacitance 6.093000e-03pF -voltage V -current mA
RC: set_units -time 1000.0ps -capacitance 6093.0fF

#set_operating_conditions: ignored by cdns tools. See synthesis_DC.txt for details.
set_operating_conditions W_150_1.65 -library PML30_W_150_1.65_CORE.db

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Details

Published: Wednesday, 24 May 2023 21:53

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Heart:

Heart is one of the central system keeping the human body alive. The instant it stops working, you go dead. Heart failure is the number one cause of death.

Here's a good link to Heart's working: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_qmNCJxpsr0

One more good one with hand drawn diagram by Dr John Campbell: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VWamhZ8vTL4

Heart explained with a physical 3D model: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WyKBFWYKRBY

There's artificial hearts being made, which are someday going to replace failed hearts all together. The longest such an artificial heart has worked continuously in a human body is about 4 years. So, there's hope that over the next few decades, we may have artificial hearts lasting 20-30 years. Here's a video on such artificial hearts: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3uV8XZcIBbk

Heart anatomy: Heart sits in the center of our body near chest region. However, we hear that Heart is to our left. This is because some bigger chamber of heart is little bit to the left, so looks like heat is to the left. Right half of Heart is the one that collects dirty deoxygenated blood and passes it to the lungs for oxygenation. Once it gets oxygenated by lung, it's pushed to the left side of heart which transfers it to the rest of the body.

Link => https://medicoapps.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/1522314495.jpg

4 chambers of heart:

1. Right Atrium (RA): Deoxygenated blood from all over the body is passed via blood pipes called Vena Cava (Superior Vena Cava (SVC) for top part and Anterior Vena Cava (AVC) for bottom part). These pipes or Veins enters the RA chamber here. Blood is passed to Right Ventricle which is sitting below the right atrium. There is a valve called "Tricuspid valve (TV)" that opens or closes to allow blood to pass from right atrium to right ventricle.
2. Right Ventricle (RV): Deoxygenated blood flows from Right atrium to right ventricle and is pumped out to Lungs for oxygenation. There is a valve called "Pulmonic valve (PV)" that opens or closes to allow blood to pass from right ventricle to the lungs. The pipes going out of the heart to the lungs are called Pulmonary Artery (PA).
3. Left Atrium (LA): Oxygenated blood from lungs is passed via blood vessels called Pulmonary Veins (PV). These pipes or veins enter the LA chamber here. The blood is then pushed to Left Ventricle which is sitting below the left atrium. There is a valve called "Bicuspid valve (BV)" or "mitral valve (MV)" that opens or closes to allow blood to pass from left atrium to left ventricle. MV is the equiv of TV that's seen on right side of heart b/w RA and RV.
4. Left Ventricle (LV): Oxygenated blood flows from left atrium to left ventricle and is pumped out to the whole body (from brain to legs). Blood gets to cells which take oxygen from the blood, which gets the blood deoxygenated. Then this deoxygenated blood is passed on to the right atrium, and the 4 step cycle repeats again. There is a valve called "Aorotic valve (AV)" that opens or closes to allow blood to pass from left ventricle to the Aorta (a thick blood pipe which are arteries) which eventually branches out to the whole body. AV is the equiv of PV that's seen on right side of heart b/w RV and PA.

Atrium are much smaller than Ventricle, so when you see a pic of heart, you mostly see 2 front ventricles. The atriums are on the back and on the top of the heart (Ventricles are on the bottom). Though the cycle repeats from step 1 to step 4, processes in right side of heart are going in parallel to left side of heart, implying right and left atrium beat at the same time, while right and left ventricle also beat exactly at same time. So, we can consider only right side of heart for understanding purposes.

Veins and Arteries:

It's important to understand the difference b/w the two. Both are referred to as the blood vessels in the body. Veins are blood vessels going to the heart, while arteries are blood vessels going out of the heart. Veins get into the heart from 2 places => one from SVC/AVC into RA, and other from the lungs to LA in heart. Arteries get out of the heart from 2 places => one from RV going to the lungs, and other from the LV in heart. Usually blood vessels going into the heart carry deoxygenated blood, so veins are shown blue in color (blue means deprived blood, i.e in Hindi, people say a person's body has turned blue or "neela"meaning blood supply is dying), while blood vessels going out of the heart carry oxygenated blood, so arteries are shown red in color (red means rich blood). The only exception to this is the blood vessels going to the lungs and coming out of the lungs. The PA goes out of the heart to lungs carrying deoxygenated blood, and is shown blue even though it's an artery. Similarly, the PV goes from lungs to the heart carrying oxygenated blood, and is shown red even though it's a vein.

Blood Flow:

• Right Heart: SVC/AVC (Veins) --> Heart (RA) -> Valve (TV) --> Heart (RV) -> Valve (PV) --> PA (Artery)
• Lungs:                                                               --> Lungs -->
• Left Heart:                PV (Vein) ->  Heart (LA) -> Valve (MV)  --> Heart (LV) -> Valve (AV) --> Aorta (Artery)

Arteries: Arteries carry blood away from the heart to the rest of the body. It needs pressure to push blood to everywhere in body. So, they have thick walls with muscle tissue. That thick pipe carrying blood from the heart to body is called "Aorta" as it's a Artery. It's the widest tube you find anywhere in body. It goes until the neck (which is a very short distance), before it branches off into smaller arteries to go to the head. The Aorta then curves back down to your chest. It continues through your abdomen and ends at your groin. Along the way, it splits off into other arteries that deliver oxygen-rich blood to your arms, legs, and the rest of your body..

Veins: Veins push deoxygenated blood back to your heart. Veins have thinner walls and are not as wide as arteries. Unlike arteries, veins generally need to work against gravity to push blood back to your heart. Veins have valves to help with this. These are one-way pairs of flaps inside a vein. They open for blood that’s heading upwards toward the heart, and close to keep blood from flowing back downwards.‌ Your veins usually hold about 75% of all the blood flowing through your body.‌ Your largest veins are the superior and inferior vena cava. Your superior vena cava carries blood from your upper body to the heart. Your inferior vena cava carries blood from everywhere below your heart. Like arteries, these two veins branch off into many other veins throughout your body. The veins coming out of right hear to go to Lungs are called Left Pulmonary Vein and Right Pulmonary vein. Muscle surrounds most veins in your body. When you walk, run, or otherwise use your muscles, they make a squeezing motion. These squeezes push against the vein and force the blood upwards toward your heart.

Capillaries: Arteries and veins connect through structures called capillaries. Capillaries are small webs of thin tubes that connect to an artery on one side and a vein on the other.‌ Some parts of your body have more capillaries depending on how much energy they need. For example, your muscles use a lot more energy than your skin, which is why your muscles have more capillaries than your outer skin.

Heart Disease:

CVD (Cardiovascular disease) refers to all diseases of cardiovascular system – which consists of the heart and all the blood vessels in the body. CVD is leading cause of death globally, with 18M deaths every year.

1. Atherosclerosis: It is the main underlying cause of CVD. It is a disease in which plaques consisting of fat, cholesterol, calcium and other substances build up in the walls of arteries. Over time, the plaques harden, narrowing the opening of the arteries and restricting blood flow. If atherosclerosis occurs in one of the arteries that supply blood to the heart, it can cause a Heart Attack. If blood clot (known as thrombosis) occurs in one of the arteries to the brain, it causes a Stroke. Heart Attack and Cardian Arrest are used interchangeably, though they are different. A cardiac arrest usually occurs when there is a malfunction in the heart’s electrical system that causes the heart to stop beating properly. It suddenly stops beating. This results in the stoppage of blood flow to the brain and other vital organs, and the sufferer loses consciousness and stops breathing normally, resulting in death.
   1. Stroke (Aka Brain Stroke or Brain attack): 16M ppl suffer from stroke every year. Just a few hours of poor blood flow to some parts of brain causes the body to become paralyzed forever. Few symptoms of stroke include face changes, unbalanced walking, difficulty speaking or slurred speech, etc. 2 kinds of stroke:
      1. Ischemic Stroke:  This is caused due to lack of blood flow (because of a clot in the blood artery to brain). It can be temporary called as Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) or permanent called as Ischemic Stroke. There is no medication for this, although some medicines given within few hours of stroke have been said to help dissolve the clot. However, there are medicines that are actively being researched to give to survivors of a Brain stroke so that they they form any more blood clots in future. One such medicine => https://www.hri.org.au/news/groundbreaking-world-first-trial-offers-new-hope-to-stroke-sufferers
      2. Hemorrhagic stroke: This is caused when a blood vessel in your brain ruptures or breaks, spilling blood into the surrounding tissues. This is very deadly and untreatable. However this is less common.
2. Arrythmia (Irregular heartbeat): t is a type of heart condition where the heart rhythm is not steady. Instead, the heart may feel as though it were skipping a beat, have extra heartbeats every now and then, flutter or race, or beat faster or slower than normal. There are many types of arrhythmias, varying in severity and danger. Atrial Fibrillation (AF) is the most common type. Problems with the heart’s rhythm can occur when there is any interruption to the electrical signals that stimulate the heart’s pumping activity.
3. Congestive heart failure (CHF):  CHF is #1 heart disease. It is a broad term used to describe a clinical condition resulting from the inability of the heart to adequately pump blood and causing symptoms such as orthopnea, dyspnea on exertion and edema.Heart has blood filling in and blood pumped out every beat. Insufficient filling or insufficient pumping are both problems that lead to CHF.
   1. Diastolic dysfunction, which is a condition of impaired ventricular filling. Less common.
   2. Systolic dysfunction, which is a condition of impaired ventricular emptying.
      
      1. Ejection Fraction (EF) : of heart is defined as volume of blood pumped per beat out of heart's chamber to the volume of blood filled per beat into the heart's chamber. This is defined for both left ventricle (LVEF) and right ventricle (RVEF). The full capacity of heart is about 120ml-150ml for an adult, and after each beat, volume of blood remaining is ~50ml, meaning 70ml-100ml was pumped out per beat giving an EF=60%-65%. EF of 50%-70% is considered normal. Low LVEF of < 40% is the most common kind of CHF (known as HFrEF) as it results in insufficient supply of blood to body parts. Low RVEF means heart is not pumping enough blood in lungs resulting in various issues. Usually, HF refers to tlow LVEF.

Treatment plan for HFrEF (Heart Failure with reduced Ejection Fraction):

These are 4 pillars of this treatment, which cosnsists of 4 different medications introduced in parallel.

Link => https://blog.bswhealth.med/four-pillars-of-heart-failure-therapy-should-be-rapidly-and-simultaneously-introduced/

4 Pillars:

• Beta Blocker: This is the first pillar. These medications have been around for 30+ years.These are first line of defense. 
  • There are several types of beta-blockers, but only three are approved by the FDA to treat heart failure:
    
    • Bisoprolol (Zebeta) => Bisoprolol (Zebeta) is a selective beta₁ antagonist without significant intrinsic sympathetic activity or vasodilating properties 
    • Carvedilol (Coreg) => Carvedilol is a non-selective beta-blocker with additional alpha1-blocking and antioxidant activities. Nebivolol is a novel beta-blocker with both a greater degree of selectivity for beta-1 adrenergic receptors than other agents in this class and an ability to stimulate endothelial nitric oxide production, leading to vasodilation and other potential clinical effects. Carvedilol (Coreg) is a novel agent with antagonist activity against alpha₁, beta₁ and beta₂ receptors, as well as some antioxidant activity. It is the only beta blocker labeled by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of heart failure.
    • Metoprolol (Toprol) => Like bisoprolol, metoprolol tartrate (Lopressor) and metoprolol succinate (Toprol XL) are beta₁-selective blockers without significant intrinsic sympathetic activity or vasodilating properties.
  • A study published in 2000, showed little benefits for all 3 drugs when measured in terms of mortality rates (only 40% fewer deaths, but => https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2000/1201/p2453.html
     
• ARNI inhibitor: ARNI is a combination of sacubitril, a neprilysin inhibitor, and valsartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) and is now considered first choice for initiation. ex: Vyamada (sold in India).
• SGLT2 inhibitor: This has an additive when added on top of ARNI inhibitor. Two drugs, dapagliflozin or empagliflozin are recommended to reduce the risk of heart failure hospitalization and cardiovascular death in HFrEF patients.
• MRA: Aldosterone Receptor Antagonist are also known as MRA. Discovered in the 1990s, these drugs are aldosterone antagonists that reduce excess fluid in the body while preventing the loss of potassium. Yet the primary efficacy is from neurohormonal blockage. They are weak diuretics. The normal dose is usually 25 mg daily.